Briefly discuss about internal design of a microprocessor

The general purpose register based microprocessor is microprocessor is usually popular with 16 and 32-bit microprocessors, such as Intel 8086/80386/80486 and Motorola 68000/68020/68030 and is called general purpose since its register can be used to hold data, memory addresses or the results of arithmetic and logic operations.

 The number, size and types of registers vary from one microprocessor to another. The typical dedicated registers include the program counter, the instruction register, status register, the stack pointer, and the index register. The 32 bit microprocessors include special on chip combinational network called the Barrel Shifter. Read More     

Briefly Describe Microprocessor Data Types

Unsigned and Signed Binary Integers : An unsigned binary integers has no arithmetic sign. Unsigned binary numbers are therefore always positive. An example is memory address which is always a positive number. An 8 bit unsigned binary integer represents all numbers from 00(16) through FF(16).

A signed binary integer on the other hand includes both positive and negative numbers. It is represented in true from for a positive number and in twos complement from for a negative number. For example the decimal number +10 can be represented as a true form 8- bit number in a microprocessor as 00001010 or 0A. the decimal number -10 can be represented in twos complement form as 11110110 or F6.

BCD Numbers :  A BCD digit consists of four bits with a value ranging from (0000)2, to (1001)2. A BCD digit greater than 9(10) can be represented as two or more BCD digits. Microprocessors store BCD numbers in two forms packed and unpacked.

ASCII :  ASCII is a code that represents alphanumeric in a microcomputers memory. ASCII also represents special symbols such as # and %. It is a 7 bit code. The most significant bit is sometimes used as a parity bit. The parity bit represents the number of ones in the byte. If the number of ones is odd the parity is odd, otherwise the parity is even.  Read More   

Microprocessor Evolution Techniques

In the year 1980, fourth generation microprocessors evolved. Intel introduced the first commercial 32-bit microprocessor, the problematic Intel 432. Since 1985 more 32 bit microprocessors have been introduced. These include Motorola MC 68020/ 68030/6840, Intel 80386/80486 and the Intel Pentium Processors. These processors are fabricated using the low power version of the HMOS technology called the HCMOS. Read More  

Data Warehouses and Mining

A data warehouse is a logical collection of information, gathered from many different operational databases to create business intelligence that support business analysis activities and decision-making tasks. Data mining tools are the software tools that are used to query information in a data warehouse. These data mining tools support the concept of OLAP to support decision making. Read More

Ethical and Social issues in IS

Ethics refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior. There are four key technological trends that are responsible for ethical stresses.

Trend 1:

Computing power doubles every 18 months

 Impact: More organizations depend on computer systems for critical operation.

Result: Our dependence on systems and our vulnerability to system errors and poor data quality have increased.

Trend 2: 

Data analysis advances

Impact: Company can analyses vast quantities of data gathered on individuals to develop detailed profiles of individual behavior.

Result: This technical advance enable companies to find out much detailed personal information about individuals. Read More  

The five forces model

 The five forces model was developed to determine the relative attractiveness of an industry. The five forces   are:

·         Buyer power

·         Supplier power

·         Threat of substitute products and services

·         Threat of new entrants

·         Rivalry among existing competitors

The three generic strategies are:

·         cost leadership

·          differentiation

·         Focused strategy

According to porter a business should adopt only one of three strategies. He had the idea that a company could use information technology to alter or more of the five forces in their favor, or to reinforce one of the three generic strategies.

Bridging the gap between business people and technical people is important to achieve best business goals. In general in a IT project the specialists from both background are formed the project team and work together.

IS and Business Strategy

The systems that are powerful tools for staying ahead of the competition are called strategic information systems. Strategic information systems change the goals, operations, products, services, or environmental relationships of organizations to help them gain an edge over competitors. Professor Michael Porter’s three frameworks are:

- The five forces model
- The three generic strategies
- The value chain

Organization and IS

Information systems and organizations influence one another. Information systems must be aligned with organization to provide information within the organization. At the same time, the organization must be aware of and be open to influence of information systems in order to benefit from new technologies.

An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. Common features of an organization include
• Standard Operating Procedure
• Organizational Politics
• Organizational Culture. Read More

Collaborations System

A collaboration system is software that is designed specifically to improve the performance of teams by supporting the sharing and flow of information. Software that is used in collaboration system besides email, chat is lot notes exchange. Collaboration software takes many forms with many combinations of features and varying degrees of complexity. Some of the collaborations system is as follows:

1. Enterprise wide collaboration
2. Supply chain collaboration
3. web based collaboration
4. Peer to Peer collaboration   

Application of Decision Support System

Decision support systems are used in different kinds of application. The application of decision support system is as follows:

DSS for Supply Chain Management:

Supply chain decision involve determining “who, what and where” from purchasing and transporting materials and parts through manufacturing products and distributing and delivering those products to customers. It contains data about inventory, supplier performance, and logistics of materials and finished goods.

DSS for Customer Relationship Management:

DSS for customer relationship management use data mining to guide decisions about pricing, customer retention, market share, and new revenue streams. These systems typically consolidate customer information from a variety of systems into massive data warehouse and use various analytical tools to slice it into tiny segments for one to one marketing. Read More